Deutsche Welle: Je li to Poljska upravo objavila svoj izlazak iz EU?
JOŠ od ljeta su u Bruxellesu očekivali odluku poljskog Ustavnog suda – i pribojavali se te odluke. Ipak, presuda donesena u četvrtak (7.10.), prema kojoj ugovorno pravo EU nije u skladu s poljskim Ustavom, izazvala je ogorčenje u europskim institucijama i praktično svim taborima Europskog parlamenta (EP). Jer, odluka suda praktički se shvaća kao početak Polexita, to jest puta bez povratka prema napuštanju EU, piše Deutsche Welle.
Ustavni sud u Varšavi proglasio je neustavnima pojedine dijelove europskog prava. Tu se prije svega misli na pravo EU da intervenira zbog ugroženosti pravne države u svojim članicama, što je slučaj s Poljskom. To što je Varšava potpisala europske ugovore ne znači da je predala svoj pravni suverenitet u ruke EU, zaključio je sud.
Poljska uskoro bez novaca i prava glasa?
Predsjednik Europskog parlamenta David Sassoli rekao je da takva presuda neće ostati bez posljedica. “Primat prava EU mora biti nesporan”, napisao je on. “Pozivamo Europsku komisiju da poduzme neophodne korake.”
Europska komisija, koja je na potezu kao čuvarica ugovora EU, priopćila je da presuda, koja je za sada proglašena samo usmeno, sugerira probleme u nadređenosti europskog prava kao i autoritetu Europskog suda u Luksemburgu.
Komisija “neće oklijevati upotrijebiti opcije iz europskih ugovora”, najavio je nadležni povjerenik Didier Reynders. To bi moglo značiti da će konačno biti ubrzan postupak na temelju članka 7. Ugovora EU, koji se protiv Poljske razvlači godinama. Ako se utvrdi teška povreda pravne države, taj postupak može rezultirati i oduzimanjem glasa Varšavi u okviru Unije.
Kako se čuje u Bruxellesu, do sada se svim silama izbjegavao otvoreni politički okršaj. No sada se više nema kamo, jer je poruka poljskog Ustavnog suda dočekana kao objava rata. Poljska je odavno na meti kritika zbog spornih zakona, posebno jer vladajuća konzervativna stranka Pravo i pravda (PiS) kontrolira pravosuđe.
“Teško je povjerovati kada vlast PiS-a tvrdi da ne želi napustiti EU. Oni rade upravo suprotno. Sad je bilo dosta”, napisao je Jeroen Lenaers, koji u Odboru za pravosuđe EP-a zastupa najveći zastupnički klub, onaj Europske pučke stranke. “Time što proglašava europske ugovore nespojivima s poljskim pravom nelegitimni Ustavni sud poveo je zemlju putem Polexita.”
Kritičari predbacuju poljskim vlastima to što su u Ustavni sud odreda imenovali politički podobne suce. Upravo je taj zakon, koji je donijela vladajuća većina PiS-a, a prema kojem se imenuju suci, u više presuda Europskog suda u Luksemburgu odbačen kao protupravan.
Je li ovo pravno pokretanje članka 50.?
Europski parlamentarni zastupnik Lenaers je još poručio da Europska komisija mora upotrijebiti sve instrumente kako ne bi podržavala “autokrate u Varšavi”. Time aludira na mogućnost da se Poljskoj uskrati novac iz zajedničke blagajne. Bruxelles je već na led stavio posebna sredstva iz pozamašnog fonda za obnovu gospodarstva nakon pandemije.
“Ako u Europskoj uniji nema pravne zajednice, onda se ona raspada”, kaže Jens Geier iz Zastupničkog kluba socijalista u EP-u. “Poljska ima dvije mogućnosti: prilagoditi poljski Ustav europskom pravu ili napustiti EU.”
“Odluka Varšave je prije svega šamar poljskim građanima”, rekao je Sergey Lagodinsky iz Zastupničkog kluba zelenih.
Iako je poljski premijer Mateusz Morawiecki više puta negirao da njegova zemlja planira napustiti EU, neki stručnjaci za europsko pravo kažu da je odluka Ustavnog suda praktično objava razlaza. Jer, ako se poriče prvenstvo europskog prava kao jedan od temelja EU, onda bi se to moglo tumačiti kao aktiviranje članka 50. koji predviđa mogućnost napuštanja EU, kaže profesor Europskog prava Franz Mayer. “Dakle, ili odlaze ili mijenjaju poljski Ustav.”
A njemački profesor Ustavnog prava Rene Repasi komentira da još nikada neki nacionalni sud članice Unije nije poduzeo ovako krupan korak prema pravnom izlasku iz Europske unije.
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