Sretan Dan nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine!
Stanovnici Bosne i Hercegovine, prije 29 godina, 1. marta 1992. izašli su na referendum historijskog značaja koji je imao za cilj utvrditi da li su za nezavisnu i suverenu državu.
Prema statističkim podacima, na referendum je izašlo oko 64,31 posto građana s pravom glasa, a za nezavisnost BiH glasalo je njih oko 99,44 posto. Pitanje koje je građanima na referendumu bilo upućeno je sljedeće: Jeste li za suverenu i nezavisnu Bosnu i Hercegovinu, državu ravnopravnih građana, naroda BiH – Muslimana, Srba, Hrvata i pripadnika drugih naroda koji u njoj žive?”
Briselskom deklaracijom o Jugoslaviji od 17. decembra 1991., na temelju preporuka međunarodne Arbitražne komisije, kojom je predsjedavao Robert Badinter, konstatirana je disolucija SFRJ i tadašnje republike pozvane su da se do 23. decembra izjasne o nezavisnosti.
Republike su dobile obećanja da će do 15. januara 1992. biti i međunarodno priznate. Tri dana prije isteka spomenutog roka, tj. 20. decembra, koalicija Stranke demokratske akcije i Hrvatske demokratske zajednice podnijela je traženi zahtjev, a sutra je Skupština srpskog naroda donijela odluku o osnivanju Srpske republike Bosne i Hercegovine.
Skupština SR BiH 25. januara 1992. donijela je odluku o raspisivanju referenduma o nezavisnosti, koju su podržali SDA i HDZ BiH. SDS-a u svemu tome nije bilo jer su Srbi u međuvremenu proveli u djelo odluku o ustroju Srpske republike Bosne i Hercegovine, koja je proglašena 9. januara 1992. Održavanje referenduma najavljeno je za 29. februar i 1. mart 1992.
HDZ BiH imao je primjedbu na referendumsko pitanje i postavio je zahtjev za nacionalnim kantonima. Iako to pitanje nije razmatrano u Skupštini SR BiH, bilo je prihvaćeno od strane međunarodne zajednice i kasnije je ponuđeno u raznim planovima i prijedlozima.
Prijedlog HDZ BiH za referendumsko pitanje bio je sljedeći: Jeste li za suverenu i nezavisnu Bosnu i Hercegovinu, državnu zajednicu konstitutivnih i suverenih naroda hrvatskog, muslimanskog i srpskog u njihovim nacionalnim područjima (kantonima)?
Bez obzira na odbijanje promjene referendumskog pitanja, HDZ BiH, kao i službeni Zagreb, i dalje je u potpunosti podržavao nezavisnost BiH te pozivao Hrvate da izađu na referundum i glasaju za nezavisnost. Srbi su, kao što je bilo i očekivano, bojkotirali referendum, tako da je na glasanje izašlo oko 64 posto biračkog tijela, od kojih se 99,7 posto odlučilo za nezavisnost.
Na osnovu ishoda referenduma tadašnja Evropska zajednica je 6. aprila 1992. priznala Republiku Bosnu i Hercegovinu kao nezavisnu i suverenu državu. BiH je u UN primljena 22. maja iste godine.
Inače, prvi dan referenduma donio je ljudske žrtve. Na cesti između Turbeta i Komara, nedaleko od Travnika, ubijena su dvojica ljudi, a jedan je teško ranjen nakon što su se pokušali probiti automobilom kroz barikadu koju su postavili mještani srpske nacionalnosti. Barikada je, navodno, postavljena kao odgovor na blokadu u Novom Travniku, gdje su mještani Hrvati onemogućili transport oružja iz fabrike “Bratstvo”.
U rano nedjeljno prijepodne drugog dana referenduma u centru Sarajeva desio se zločin. Nekoliko osoba muslimanske nacionalnosti pucalo je u svatove pod srpskom zastavom. Jednog čovjeka su ubili, a drugog teško ranili. Tvrdi se da je pripadnik Zelenih beretki, Ramiz Delalić, ubio pucnjem iz pištolja mladoženjinog oca Nikolu Gardovića i ranio svećenika Srpske pravoslavne crkve Radenka Mikovića ispred Stare crkve na Baščaršiji, što je, prema tumačenju građana srpske nacionalnosti, početak rata.
Saopćenjem se oglasio SDS, koji je ustvrdio da se ne radi samo o ugrožavanju života ljudi nego je to napad na dostojanstvo i integritet cijelog srpskog naroda. Malo prije ponoći blokirano je Sarajevo. Na svim važnijim raskrsnicama postavljene su barikade. One su postavljene i u drugim gradovima u BiH: Bosanskom Brodu, Bosanskom Šamcu, Derventi i Odžaku. SDS se oglasio saopćenjem iz kojeg je bilo jasno da je on organizator. Prve noći na barikadama je ubijeno troje, a ranjeno četvero.
U Bosanskom Brodu pripadnici srpske paravojne jedinice su nakon referenduma, 1. marta, podigli barikadu, koju su polako pomicali prema mostu na Savi. Nakon dva dana blokirali su most praznom cisternom. Na policijsku patrolu koja je pokušala ukloniti barikadu otvorena je paljba, a policajci su na nju uzvratili i uspjeli ukloniti barikadu, nakon čega se sukob razbuktao i s manjim ili većim intenzitetom (razmjenjivanje pješačke i topovske paljbe) nastavio do eskalacije rata.
Na barikadama u Sarajevu bilo je i po nekoliko hiljada maskiranih osoba, uglavnom lokalnog srpskog stanovništva. Bila je to generalna proba rata za glavni grad.
Zanimljive su bile i ocjene stanja u Bosni i Hercegovini. Svjetske agencije izvještavale su o barikadama i žrtvama u Sarajevu. Hrvatski predsjednik Franjo Tuđman izjavio je da je težište jugoslavenske krize preneseno u centar, na BiH, gdje treba tražiti rješenje da se ne bi proširilo ratno krvoproliće. Istakao je da se rješenje može pronaći samo pregovorima svih triju strana.
Mjesec dana nakon referenduma uslijedila je agresija na Bosnu i Hercegovinu.
Naime, 1. aprila 1992. godine, kada su srpske paravojne postrojbe po naređenju šefa srbijanske tajne službe Jovice Stanišića prešle granicu, napale grad Bijeljinu i izvršile prvi pokolj Bošnjaka.
Inače, prvi oružani sukobi na teritoriju BiH dogodili su u jesen 1991. Od 2. do 5. oktobra napadnuto je i uništeno većinski hrvatsko mjesto Ravno tada u sastavu opštine Trebinje, nakon sukoba lokalnih Hrvata i postrojbi JNA, do kojega je došlo na periferiji rata u Hrvatskoj.
Nakon genocida u Srebrenici i drugog masakra na Markalama, Sjevernoatlanski savez (NATO) je intervenirao u okviru operacije Namjerna sila, granatirajući važne položaje Vojske Republike Srpske, što se uz oslobađanje zapadne Bosne, pokazalo kao ključno u okončanju rata.
Rat je priveden kraju potpisivanjem Općeg okvirnog sporazuma za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini, u Parizu 14. decembra 1995. Mirovni pregovori održani u gradu Daytonu, u američkoj saveznoj državi Ohio, završeni su 21. novembra 1995. Uspjeli pregovori, poznati su pod nazivom Daytonski sporazum, čiji je sastavni dio Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine, koji određuje današnju Bosnu i Hercegovinu.
Nešto ranije, Sporazumom potpisanim u Washingtonu, 18. marta 1994., uspostavljena je Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, kojom je obnovljeno savezništvo Bošnjaka i Hrvata. U zajedničkim operacijama, u kojim je glavnu ulogu imala Hrvatska vojska, oslobođen je velik dio zapadne Bosne.
Rat je bio obilježen žestokim napadima, prekomjernim i neselektivnim granatiranjem, etničkim čišćenjima, koncentracijskim logorima, masovnim pokoljima i silovanjima. Događaji poput opsade Sarajeva i genocida u Srebrenici, postali su simboli rata.
Početkom 2008., Međunarodni kazneni sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju (ICTY) osudio je 45 Srba, 12 Hrvata i 4 Bošnjaka zbog ratnih zločina, počinjenih tijekom rata u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prema najnovijim izvještajima, u ratu je stradalo između 100.000 i 110.000 osoba, a raseljeno je oko 2,2 milijuna, što ga čini najkrvavijim sukobom u Europi nakon završetka Drugog svjetskog rata.
Svim građanima i državljanima Bosne i Hercegovine, koji državu smatraju svojim jedinim domom, portal Gradačački glas čestita 1. mart Dan nezavisnosti Bosne i Hercegovine.
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